Praise be to Allaah.
If the wife does not agree to her husband being away for more
than six months, the case should be referred to the qaadi (judge) so that he
can correspond with her husband and order him to return. If he does not
return, then the judge may rule as he sees fit, either divorce or annulment
of the marriage. This applies whether the husband is travelling and absent
for a reason such as needing money and not being able to find work in his
own country, or if there is no excuse, rather it is for love of money, as
mentioned in the question.
But the difference between there being an excuse and there
being no excuse is that if the husband has an excuse, he is not obliged to
return, and he is not sinning if he does not return.
But if he has no excuse, then he must return and he is
sinning if he does not return.
In either case the wife has the right to ask for a divorce,
so as to ward off harm from herself.
It is not permissible for the husband to keep his wife if she
is being harmed. Allaah says (interpretation of the meaning):
“But do not take them back to hurt them”
[al-Baqarah 2:231]
“either take them back in a good manner or part with them
in a good manner”
[al-Talaaq 65:2]
It says in Kashshaaf al-Qinaa’ (5/193): If the husband
travels and leaves her because of an excuse or need, then her right to a
share of his time and intimacy is waived, even if his journey is lengthy,
because there is an excuse. … If the traveller does not have an excuse that
prevents him from returning and he is absent for more than six months, if
she asks him to return then he must do that, because of the report narrated
by Abu Hafs with his isnaad from Yazeed ibn Aslam who said:
Whilst ‘Umar was patrolling Madeenah, he passed by a woman
who was saying:
“This night is getting very long and very dark because I do
not have my partner to play with.
By Allaah, were it not for the fear of Allaah and for
modesty, then this bed would shake under me.”
He asked about her and was told that she was So and so whose
husband was absent (in jihad) for the sake of Allaah. He sent a woman to
stay with her, and he sent for her husband to come back. Then he entered
upon Hafsah and said: O my daughter, how long can a woman bear to be away
from her husband? She said: Subhaan Allaah, would one such as you ask one
such as me about that? He said: Were it not that I want to make a decision
concerning the Muslims I would not have asked you. She said: Five months or
six months. So he set a time limit for the people on their campaigns of six
months: they would march for a month, then stay there for four months, then
take another month for the journey back.
He has to come back if he does not have an excuse, such as
travelling to seek knowledge or he is on an obligatory campaign or
obligatory Hajj, or he is seeking necessary provision, in which case he is
not obliged to return, because the one who has an excuse is excused as a
result of that. The judge may write to him telling him to return, but if he
refuses to return with no excuse after the judge has written to him, then
the judge may annul his marriage, because he has failed to do a duty that is
required of him and his wife has been harmed by that. End quote.
In al-Mawsoo’ah al-Fiqhiyyah (29/63) it says: If the
husband is absent from his wife for any length of time with no excuse, she
has the right to ask for a separation from him, but if it is for an excuse
then she does not have the right to do that. [This is the Hanbali view].
The Maalikis are of the view that if the man is absent from
his wife for a while, she has the right to ask for a separation from him,
whether this journey is for a valid reason or not, because her right to
intimacy is binding. End quote.
Shaykh Ibn Jibreen (may Allaah preserve him) was asked: I am
a young man living abroad and I am married, praise be to Allaah, but the
country in which I am working only allows a few employees to bring their
wives. What is the Islamic ruling on that, as the job is only for a year or
fourteen months to be precise?
He replied: Some of the Sahaabah set a limit for a husband’s
absence at four months, and others set it at half a year, but that applies
when a wife has asked her husband to come back. If he has been away for half
a year and she asks him to come back and he is able to, then he must come
back. If he refuses then she has the right to refer the matter to the qaadi
(judge) and have the marriage annulled. But if she allows her husband to
stay, even if it is for a long time, and more than one or two years, then
there is nothing wrong with that because it is her right that she has
waived, so she cannot demand an annulment so long as she has agreed to his
being away and so long as her provision, clothing and other needs are
assured. And Allaah is the Source of strength. End quote from Fataawa
Islamiyyah (3/212).
Shaykh Ibn ‘Uthaymeen (may Allaah have mercy on him) was
asked about a man who was married and had children from his wife. He says: I
travelled from my homeland to improve my situation and I was absent for
nearly three years. Please note that I never stopped sending money and was
in constant touch with my wife. Does she have any rights in sharee’ah and
what are they? Is there any sin on me for that?
He (may Allaah have mercy on him) replied: I say that the
wife’s right over her husband is that he may enjoy intimacy with her and she
with him, as is usually the case. If he stays away from her to seek a living
with her consent, and she is in a safe place where there is no fear that
anything will happen to her, then there is nothing wrong with that, because
the right is hers but if she agrees to waive it and she is completely safe
and secure, then there is nothing wrong with his being away for three years
or more or less. But if she asks him to come back then the matter should be
referred to the judges to rule as they see fit in accordance with the laws
of Allaah, may He be glorified and exalted. End quote from Fataawa Noor
‘ala al-Darb.
To sum up: If the husband is away from his wife for more than
six months, if his wife agrees to that and he has left her in a safe place,
there is no problem. If she did not agree to that then she may refer her
case to the sharee’ah judges to determine whether her husband has a sound
excuse or he has to return or the marriage may be annulled.
The husband should understand the effect that his absence
will have on his wife and children, and he should put their interests and
care before acquiring wealth, if he can find sufficient income in his own
country, for nothing can compensate for the calamity of losing one's
religious commitment; no wealth or luxury can make up for that. How many
families have seen their young men and girls become corrupted because of
their father’s absence. We ask Allaah to keep us safe and sound.
Hence we advise you to fear Allaah and take care of your wife
and children. And do what you can to find some money that will enable you to
return and settle in your country, or bring them to join you, for the wife
has rights and the children have rights, and tomorrow you will be answerable
before Allaah for this flock.
We ask Allaah to help and guide us and you.
And Allaah knows best.
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